In order to identify the stimulated cortical area, a precise location of the coil should be determined with respect to the individual's brain anatomy. The magnetic field strongly attenuates with increasing distance from the coil and, therefore, the brain areas stimulated with TMS are located rather superficially at a distance of about 2–4 cm under the skin ( Groppa et al., 2012), which corresponds roughly to the gray-white matter border. In TMS time-varying magnetic fields generate electrical currents in the targeted brain regions resulting in the activation of the neuronal tissue ( Ruohonen and Karhu, 2010). Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive approach for studying brain organization in humans. To illustrate the use of TMSmap we provide examples of the actual TMS motor-mapping analysis of two healthy subjects and one chronic stroke patient. TMSmap has been developed for versatile assessment and comparison of TMS maps relating to different experimental interventions including, but not limited to longitudinal, pharmacological and clinical studies (e.g., stroke recovery). The input data for the software includes the coordinates of the coil position (or electric field maximum) and the corresponding response in each stimulation point. In addition to the estimation of standard parameters (such as the size of cortical muscle representation and the center of gravity location), it allows estimation of the volume of cortical representations, excitability profile of the cortical surface map, and the overlap between cortical representations. Therefore, we developed TMSmap-free standalone graphical interface software for the quantitative analysis of the TMS motor mapping results ( ).

However, currently, there is no standardized methodology for assessment of TMS motor-mapping results.

This, in turn, results in TMS motor mapping becoming a routinely used procedure in neuroscience and neurosurgery.

The use of the MRI-navigation system ensures accurate targeting of TMS. 3Neurophysics Group, Department of Neurology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.2Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.1Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.

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